J2EE学习笔记(4) 软件工程与系统框架

J道的老大banq曾经说过设计模式是衡量一个程序员水平高低最重要的标准。个人非常赞同这个观点，从这个角度看学好J2EE第一个要了解的就是作为一个庞大复杂的系统，它是如何由各个模块拼装并协同有效地运作。
先来几个定义暖暖身 Definitions of Different Dimensions in J2EE
Tiers: A logical or physical organization of components into an ordered chain of service providers and consumers. Components within a tier typically consume the services of those in an "adjacent" provider tier and provide services to one or more "adjacent" consumer tiers. Within a tier, services are grouped to like requirements, such as functionality, security, or load distribution.
Layers: The hardware and software stack that hosts services within a given tier. Physical, network, and software platforms and standard API sets support the components that provide a service. Layers, like tiers, represent a well-ordered relationship across boundaries that are mediated by interfaces. Whereas tiers represent processing chains across components, layers represent container/component relationships in implementation and deployment of services.
Tiers层的概念是我们最常听到的，一般来说它可以分为 (客户) <---交互---> [ Client Interface --- Presentation Tier --- BizLogic Tier --- Integration Tier --- Resource Tier ]
Client Interface 典型的客户界面为IE, Swing, Applet, WAP等，客户与之直接交互
Presentation Tier 负责接受客户请求并返回相应的处理结果。登陆，权限检查，会话管理在此进行，从技术角度就是JSP HTML等
Business Logic Tier 负责处理业务逻辑和数据，是J2EE的核心，它也同时管理事务Transaction，EJB等在这一层
Integration Tier 负责连接业务逻辑层与系统资源层，最常见的JDBC数据库连接就是一个例子
Resource Tier 负责提供上层所需要的资源，比如数据库, File System, Legacy System等等
结合实际应用和设计模式，我们可以将层次进一步划分。多层次会降低效率，也会导致出现很多看似“无用”的代码，但正是这些代码实现了低耦合从而降低了后期维护成本。
1) Presentation Tier应用MVC模式, 将程序流程控制器(Controller) 视图(View)和数据三者分离，如Struts就是其中一员大将。Filtering和User-Role-Priviledge-Resource也常在使用(具体还会开新贴细谈)
2) Business Logic Tier 和Presentation Tier的低耦合由Business Delegate层实现，很典型的例子 BusinessDelegate -> BusinessMgr (EJB) -> ...而Facade模式也经常在这里被用来做封装。
主要参考文献：软件体系架构模式在J2EE中的应用
主要参考项目：Medlog Logistic PACE2 SCS